03 项目管理基础 · Latent Notes

1. 什么是 project

在项目管理语境里，project 是：

为了创造一个独特的产品、服务或成果而进行的临时性工作。

判断 not a project 的方法

如果题目描述的是：

routine updates
repetitive operations
ongoing maintenance
day-to-day business work

通常不是 project。

如果描述的是：

prototype development
new system implementation
new PCB design/build
one-off change initiative

通常是 project。

2. 为什么 companies use project management

样题反复暗示的正确逻辑包括：

define the project and align with customer
estimate cost / plan work
assess risks and prepare backup plans
allocate resources at the right time
manage schedule, not just create schedule once

高频陷阱

“只在计划完成后跟踪进度”这种说法通常是错的，因为项目管理强调持续 monitoring and control。

3. 项目早期阶段的特征

高频判断点：

uncertainty highest
stakeholder influence highest
initial scope is defined
initial financial resources are committed
cost at the beginning is not highest

结论

题目若问“initial phase 哪项不对”，常见错误项是：

the cost associated at the beginning of the project is highest

4. PMI 5 个 process groups

Initiating
Planning
Executing
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing

题目描述到哪一组

Initiating

clarify purpose
define high-level scope
identify stakeholders

Planning

develop strategies and tactics
identify risks
define how to execute and control the project

Executing

carry out planned work
coordinate people and resources

Monitoring and Controlling

compare actual vs plan
manage changes
ensure only approved changes are implemented

Closing

formally complete project/phase
obtain acceptance
archive and update documents

5. Validate Scope

样题把一个典型情景写得很清楚：

把成果展示给 steering committee / sponsor
回答问题
获取正式确认成果满足期望

这对应：

Validate Scope

不要被 “Accept Deliverables” 这种近似表达带偏；课程术语通常用 Validate Scope。

6. Talent Triangle / project manager skill sets

样题提到项目经理需要三类核心能力。

最安全写法：

Technical project management
Leadership
Strategic and business management

如果题目让解释任意两项

Technical project management

掌握方法、工具、计划、进度、成本、风险等项目管理技术。

Leadership

激励团队、沟通协调、解决冲突、建立共同目标。

Strategic and business management

理解组织目标、商业环境和项目价值，让项目与战略一致。

7. Leadership vs Management

样题可能要求比较两者差异。

可写三组对比

Leadership focuses on vision and inspiration; Management focuses on planning and control.
Leadership drives change; Management maintains order and consistency.
Leadership influences people; Management organizes processes and resources.

8. 组织结构 organization structures

样题中高频出现：

Divisional structure
Matrix structure
Start-up / simple structure
Formal organisation
有时也出现 team-based 作为干扰项

Divisional structure

如果图是：

top management 下分多个 division
每个 division 下带自己的职能或业务单元

通常是 Divisional Structure。

Matrix structure

如果图里：

既有 functional lines
又有 product/project team lines
成员同时受多个方向协调

通常是 Matrix Structure。

Start-up structure 特征

样题反复考的真命题：

few layers
limited middle-line managerial levels
wide span of control around entrepreneur

通常不对的说法：

maximum standardisation and formalisation
decentralised and indirect supervision

9. Formal organisation / growth / expansion / start-up 图像题

你不必死记图形细节，记住演化逻辑即可：

Start-up：最简单、中心化、少层级
Expansion：开始围绕核心创业者外扩
Growth：规模更大、关系更复杂
Formal Organisation：层级结构最清晰、最制度化

10. Conflict management 基本策略

样题直接出现五类：

Withdraw/Avoid
Smooth/Accommodate
Compromise/Reconcile
Force/Compete
Collaborate/Problem Solve

胜负逻辑

Collaborate → win-win
Compromise → partial win / partial loss for both
Accommodate → one loses, one wins，为了关系而让步
Compete → one wins, one loses
Avoid → neither side really gains; issue postponed

11. MCQ 速记

高频正确项

routine software updates → not a project
stakeholder influence highest at the beginning
validating deliverables with sponsor → Validate Scope
matrix chart with multiple reporting/coordination lines → Matrix Structure
start-up structure → few layers + wide span of control

高频错误项

project management is only schedule tracking
initial stage has highest cost
start-up structure = maximum formalisation
management and leadership are identical

12. Coverage 提示

本册中 PM fundamentals 支撑较强；组织结构、Talent Triangle、leadership vs management 这类题建议同时参考 07_coverage_and_gaps.md。