课程笔记
04 进度、WBS、沟通与风险
WBS、CPM、communication channels、risk、SWOT 与 conflict 场景复习笔记。
1. WBS 是什么
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS):
对项目总范围进行层级化分解,把工作拆成更小、更易管理的部分。
必背判断点
- WBS = Work Breakdown Structure,不是 Work Breakdown Statement
- WBS 包含项目 100% 的工作
- 任何不在 WBS 里的工作都视为 out of scope
- WBS 可以按 deliverables、phases、subsystems 等方式分解,不是只能按 work packages 一种思路
高频正确组合
- “The WBS includes 100 percent of the work of the project.”
- “Any work not included in the WBS is out of scope.”
2. Scope management process chain
根据已读 PM Part 2 截图,scope management 的关键过程包括:
- Plan Scope Management
- Collect Requirements
- Define Scope
- Create WBS
- Validate Scope
- Control Scope
你要会区分
- Collect Requirements:收集 stakeholder needs
- Define Scope:形成更清晰的项目/产品边界
- Create WBS:把 scope 进一步层级分解
- Validate Scope:让客户/发起方确认成果
- Control Scope:控制 scope creep 与变更
3. WBS 长题怎么写 / 怎么画
如果题目说:
- 有 3 个 major phases
- 每个 phase 再拆两层
- 画出 three levels
你可以按下面思路:
示例骨架
- Project
- Planning
- requirement analysis
- project plan
- Design
- hardware design
- software design
- Testing
- unit testing
- system testing
- Planning
评分点通常看什么
- 是否有层级结构
- 是否完整覆盖 scope
- Level 1 / Level 2 / Level 3 是否清楚
- 是否逻辑合理
4. CPM / Critical Path Method
critical path 定义
项目网络中历时最长的路径,它决定项目最短工期。
一定要会的几个词
- Forward pass → 求
ES/EF - Backward pass → 求
LS/LF - Float / Slack →
LS - ES或LF - EF - Critical activities → float = 0
核心判断
- critical path 是longest path,不是 shortest path
- 有多个 critical path 时,项目风险通常增加
5. Forward pass / Backward pass 通用步骤
Forward pass
- 起点
ES = 0 EF = ES + duration- 后续活动的
ES = max(所有前置活动的 EF)
Backward pass
- 从终点开始倒推
LS = LF - duration- 前置活动的
LF = min(所有后续活动的 LS)
Float
Float = LS - ES = LF - EF
如果 Float = 0,活动在 critical path 上。
6. Communication management
根据 PM Part 4 截图,communication management 关键过程包括:
- Plan Communications Management
- Manage Communications
- Monitor Communications
高频会议题
如果题目说:
- meeting 无提前通知
- side conversations 太多
- 效率低
最标准改善动作通常是:
Publish a meeting agenda
因为这比“减少人数”或“请高管来”更直接对应 communication planning。
7. Communication channels 公式
Channels = n(n - 1) / 2
其中 n 是团队成员数。
常见题型 1
11 人团队变成 12 人团队:
- 原 channels =
11×10/2 = 55 - 新 channels =
12×11/2 = 66 - 新增 =
11
常见题型 2
6 人团队,新增 3 人,离开 2 人:
- 原团队 6 人
- 新团队 =
6 + 3 - 2 = 7 - 原 channels =
6×5/2 = 15 - 新 channels =
7×6/2 = 21 - 新增 =
6
高频陷阱
不要只算“新成员与旧成员”的连接;考试一般要求比较新旧总 channels 差值。
8. Risk management
根据 PM Part 4 截图,风险管理过程包括:
- Plan Risk Management
- Identify Risks
- Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
- Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
- Plan Risk Responses
- Implement Risk Responses
- Monitor Risks
核心定义
项目风险管理不仅是管理 threat,也包括识别和处理 opportunities。
高频最佳表述
minimizing threats and maximizing opportunities
9. Risk response strategies
样题里给出的四大策略:
- Avoidance
- Acceptance
- Transference
- Mitigation
如果题目问“哪一个不属于 risk response planning”,常见错项是:
- Identification
因为那是识别阶段,不是 response strategy。
10. SWOT
SWOT =
- Strengths
- Weaknesses
- Opportunities
- Threats
考法
如果题目问:
which technique can be mainly used to identify risks, especially external and internal factors?
通常答案是:
SWOT
11. Conflict scenario 识别模板
Avoid / Withdraw
- postpone discussion
- hope issue resolves itself
Accommodate / Smooth
- maintain harmony
- give up own preferred outcome
Collaborate / Problem Solve
- work together
- adjust scope / options to satisfy both sides
Compete / Force
- manager imposes decision under pressure
Compromise / Reconcile
- each side gets part of what they want
12. MCQ 速记
一眼要会
- longest path → critical path
- float = 0 → critical activity
- break scope into manageable elements → WBS
- team communication channels →
n(n-1)/2 - identifying internal/external factors → SWOT
- publish agenda → better meeting order
高频错项
- critical path = shortest path
- risk management = only threats
- identification = risk response strategy
- WBS excludes some minor work
13. Coverage 提示
本册中的 WBS、communication、risk 支撑较强;CPM 全套计算与 conflict 情景题建议同时参考 06_formulas_and_answer_templates.md 与 07_coverage_and_gaps.md。