课程笔记

04 进度、WBS、沟通与风险

WBS、CPM、communication channels、risk、SWOT 与 conflict 场景复习笔记。


1. WBS 是什么

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

对项目总范围进行层级化分解,把工作拆成更小、更易管理的部分。

必背判断点

  • WBS = Work Breakdown Structure,不是 Work Breakdown Statement
  • WBS 包含项目 100% 的工作
  • 任何不在 WBS 里的工作都视为 out of scope
  • WBS 可以按 deliverables、phases、subsystems 等方式分解,不是只能按 work packages 一种思路

高频正确组合

  • “The WBS includes 100 percent of the work of the project.”
  • “Any work not included in the WBS is out of scope.”

2. Scope management process chain

根据已读 PM Part 2 截图,scope management 的关键过程包括:

  • Plan Scope Management
  • Collect Requirements
  • Define Scope
  • Create WBS
  • Validate Scope
  • Control Scope

你要会区分

  • Collect Requirements:收集 stakeholder needs
  • Define Scope:形成更清晰的项目/产品边界
  • Create WBS:把 scope 进一步层级分解
  • Validate Scope:让客户/发起方确认成果
  • Control Scope:控制 scope creep 与变更

3. WBS 长题怎么写 / 怎么画

如果题目说:

  • 有 3 个 major phases
  • 每个 phase 再拆两层
  • 画出 three levels

你可以按下面思路:

示例骨架

  • Project
    • Planning
      • requirement analysis
      • project plan
    • Design
      • hardware design
      • software design
    • Testing
      • unit testing
      • system testing

评分点通常看什么

  • 是否有层级结构
  • 是否完整覆盖 scope
  • Level 1 / Level 2 / Level 3 是否清楚
  • 是否逻辑合理

4. CPM / Critical Path Method

critical path 定义

项目网络中历时最长的路径,它决定项目最短工期。

一定要会的几个词

  • Forward pass → 求 ES / EF
  • Backward pass → 求 LS / LF
  • Float / SlackLS - ESLF - EF
  • Critical activities → float = 0

核心判断

  • critical path 是longest path,不是 shortest path
  • 有多个 critical path 时,项目风险通常增加

5. Forward pass / Backward pass 通用步骤

Forward pass

  1. 起点 ES = 0
  2. EF = ES + duration
  3. 后续活动的 ES = max(所有前置活动的 EF)

Backward pass

  1. 从终点开始倒推
  2. LS = LF - duration
  3. 前置活动的 LF = min(所有后续活动的 LS)

Float

Float = LS - ES = LF - EF

如果 Float = 0,活动在 critical path 上。


6. Communication management

根据 PM Part 4 截图,communication management 关键过程包括:

  • Plan Communications Management
  • Manage Communications
  • Monitor Communications

高频会议题

如果题目说:

  • meeting 无提前通知
  • side conversations 太多
  • 效率低

最标准改善动作通常是:

Publish a meeting agenda

因为这比“减少人数”或“请高管来”更直接对应 communication planning。


7. Communication channels 公式

Channels = n(n - 1) / 2

其中 n 是团队成员数。

常见题型 1

11 人团队变成 12 人团队:

  • 原 channels = 11×10/2 = 55
  • 新 channels = 12×11/2 = 66
  • 新增 = 11

常见题型 2

6 人团队,新增 3 人,离开 2 人:

  • 原团队 6 人
  • 新团队 = 6 + 3 - 2 = 7
  • 原 channels = 6×5/2 = 15
  • 新 channels = 7×6/2 = 21
  • 新增 = 6

高频陷阱

不要只算“新成员与旧成员”的连接;考试一般要求比较新旧总 channels 差值


8. Risk management

根据 PM Part 4 截图,风险管理过程包括:

  • Plan Risk Management
  • Identify Risks
  • Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
  • Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
  • Plan Risk Responses
  • Implement Risk Responses
  • Monitor Risks

核心定义

项目风险管理不仅是管理 threat,也包括识别和处理 opportunities

高频最佳表述

minimizing threats and maximizing opportunities


9. Risk response strategies

样题里给出的四大策略:

  • Avoidance
  • Acceptance
  • Transference
  • Mitigation

如果题目问“哪一个不属于 risk response planning”,常见错项是:

  • Identification

因为那是识别阶段,不是 response strategy。


10. SWOT

SWOT =

  • Strengths
  • Weaknesses
  • Opportunities
  • Threats

考法

如果题目问:

which technique can be mainly used to identify risks, especially external and internal factors?

通常答案是:

SWOT


11. Conflict scenario 识别模板

Avoid / Withdraw

  • postpone discussion
  • hope issue resolves itself

Accommodate / Smooth

  • maintain harmony
  • give up own preferred outcome

Collaborate / Problem Solve

  • work together
  • adjust scope / options to satisfy both sides

Compete / Force

  • manager imposes decision under pressure

Compromise / Reconcile

  • each side gets part of what they want

12. MCQ 速记

一眼要会

  • longest path → critical path
  • float = 0 → critical activity
  • break scope into manageable elements → WBS
  • team communication channels → n(n-1)/2
  • identifying internal/external factors → SWOT
  • publish agenda → better meeting order

高频错项

  • critical path = shortest path
  • risk management = only threats
  • identification = risk response strategy
  • WBS excludes some minor work

13. Coverage 提示

本册中的 WBS、communication、risk 支撑较强;CPM 全套计算与 conflict 情景题建议同时参考 06_formulas_and_answer_templates.md07_coverage_and_gaps.md